Intimate partner physical violence and inadequate weight gain in pregnancy / Violência física entre parceiros íntimos e ganho de peso inadequado durante a gestação

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) and inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods: cross-sectional study composed of 554 women who attended four Basic Health Units in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2005 and 2009. The GWG was calculated through the difference between the final weight of pregnancy and pre-gestational weight. For the measurement of IPPV, the Portuguese version of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-1) was used. Data analysis was based on multinomial logistic regression models, estimating odds ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals for associations between the variables of interest. Results: the prevalence of minor and severe IPPV was 31.6% and 16.3%, respectively. Almost two-thirds of the women had insufficient or excessive GWG. After adjusting the model, it was observed that the presence of IPPV increased by 1.66 (CI95%=1.05-2.64) times the chances of insufficient GWG, compared to couples who did not experience this type of violence. Concerning the excessive GWG, the associations with IPPV were not statistically significant. Conclusion: women who experience IPPV in their relationships are more likely to have insufficient GWG during pregnancy. From this perspective, prenatal care becomes an essential service for screening domestic violence and its possible repercussions.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre violência física entre parceiros íntimos (VFPI) e o ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) inadequado. Métodos: estudo seccional composto por 554 mulheres que compareceram a quatro Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro, entre 2005 e 2009. O GPG foi calculado através da diferença entre o peso final da gestação e o peso pré-gestacional. Para a mensuração da VFPI foi utilizada a versão em português da Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-1). A análise dos dados se baseou em modelos de regressão logística multinomial, estimando-se razões de chance e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança para as associações entre as variáveis de interesse. Resultados: a prevalência de VFPI menor e grave foi 31,6% e 16,3%, respectivamente. Quase dois terços das mulheres apresentaram GPG insuficiente ou excessivo. Após o ajuste do modelo, observou-se que a presença de VFPI aumentou em 1,66 (IC95%=1,05-2,64) vezes as chances de GPG insuficiente, em comparação aos casais que não vivenciaram este tipo de violência. Em relação ao GPG excessivo as associações com VFPI não foram estatisticamente significantes. Conclusões: mulheres que vivenciam a VFPI têm maiores chances de apresentarem GPG insuficiente. Nessa perspectiva, o pré-natal passa a ser um serviço fundamental para o rastreamento de violência doméstica e suas possíveis repercussões.

Intervención educativa sobre riesgo preconcepcional en mujeres de un Área de salud en Guantánamo / Knowledge intervention on preconception risk in women from a health area in Guantánamo

Fundamento: La salud reproductiva está presente durante el ciclo vital de las mujeres y los hombres; en la que juega un papel decisivo la planificación familiar, el conocimiento y manejo del riesgo reproductivo. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa, en mujeres de edad fértil con riesgo preconcepcional, pertenecientes al consultorio "La Colonia", del Policlínico "Rafael Teope Fonseca", "El Salvador", Guantánamo, desde septiembre 2017 a abril 2019. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, tipo intervención educativa sobre riesgo preconcepcional, con diseño antes y después. El universo fue de 65 mujeres en edad fértil. Se utilizó muestreo no probabilístico intencional. La muestra fue de 45 mujeres con riesgo preconcepcional. La investigación se realizó en 3 etapas: diagnóstica, intervención y evaluación. La información se recogió en una encuesta semiestructurada que se aplicó antes y después de la intervención. Las variables fueron: métodos para planificar el embarazo, edad óptima para el embarazo, antecedentes obstétricos desfavorables, importancia del consumo de ácido fólico antes del embarazo y conocimiento general sobre el tema. Se determinó el test de McNemar para el análisis estadístico e índice de kappa para determinar efectividad de la intervención. Resultados: Antes de la intervención se diagnosticó nivel de conocimiento inadecuado sobre los métodos para planificar el embarazo (42 %), edad óptima para el embarazo (40 %) y en los antecedentes obstétricos (36 %). Posterior a la intervención el nivel de conocimiento adecuado fue significativo (p<0.05) en todas las variables. El índice kappa arrojó acuerdo considerable. Conclusiones: La intervención educativa fue efectiva.

Background: Reproductive health is present during women and men's life cycle, so family planning, knowledge and management of reproductive risk play a significant role. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a knowledge intervention in fertile age women with preconception risk, at "La Colonia" clinic, in "Rafael Teope Fonseca" Polyclinic, "El Salvador", Guantánamo, from September 2017 to April 2019. Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted, of educational intervention type on preconception risk, with formerly and subsequently designs. The universe was 65 women of fertile age. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling was used. The sample was 45 women with preconception risk. The research was conducted in 3 stages: diagnosis, intervention and evaluation. The information was collected in a semi-structured survey applied before and after the intervention. The variables were: methods for planning pregnancy, optimal age for pregnancy, unfavorable obstetric history, importance of folic acid intake before pregnancy, and general knowledge on the subject. The McNemar test was determined for the statistical analysis and the Kappa index to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: Before the intervention, an inadequate level of knowledge was diagnosed about the methods for planning pregnancy (42 %), the optimal age for pregnancy (40 %) and the obstetric history (36 %). After the intervention, the adequate level of knowledge was significant (p<0.05) in all the variables. The Kappa index showed considerable agreement. Conclusions: The educational intervention was effective.

Use of medications by pregnant women in the Family Health Strategy in the Northeast of Brazil / Uso de medicamentos por gestantes da estratégia saúde da família no Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the medication use, exposure to potential risks, and associated factors before and during pregnancy of pregnant women receiving care at the Family Health Strategy in a municipality in the Northeast of Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of pregnant women receiving care in the municipality of Barreiras, in Bahia, Brazil. In data analysis process, prevalence and frequency of medication use were estimated. To investigate the association between variables, the outcome measure was expressed by the prevalence ratio (crude and adjusted) with a 95% confidence interval via Poisson regression. Results: The prevalence of medication use before pregnancy was 35% and during pregnancy, it was 80.7%. Analgesics and antianemics were the prevalent groups of medications before and during pregnancy, respectively. Family income (≤1 minimum wage; PR=1.62; CI95%=1.02-2.55) showed an association with prior use; health problems (PR=2.3; CI95%=1.27-4.22) and complaints in pregnancy (PR=2.39; CI95%=1.28-4.47) had an association with use during pregnancy. Conclusion: The characterization of a high prevalence of use of medicines by pregnant women, combined with a trend of failures in family planning could demonstrate the exposure of the risks of using some harmful substances in periods close to conception and pregnancy.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o uso de medicamentos, exposição a potenciais riscos e os fatores associados antes e durante a gestação pelas gestantes atendidas na Estratégia Saúde da Família em município do nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com gestantes atendidas no município de Barreiras, Bahia, Brasil. No processo de análise dos dados, foram estimadas as prevalências e frequências de utilização de medicamentos. Para investigar a associação entre variáveis, a medida do desfecho foi expressa pela razão de prevalência (bruta e ajustada) com intervalo de 95% de confiança pela regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência do uso de medicamentos antes da gestação foi 35% e durante de 80,7%. Os analgésicos e antianêmicos foram os grupos de medicamentos prevalentes antes e durante a gestação, respectivamente. A renda familiar (≤1 salário mínimo; RP=1,62; IC95%=1,02-2,55), mostrou associação ao uso anterior; problemas de saúde (RP=2,32; IC95%=1,27-4,22) e queixas na gestação (RP=2,39; IC95%=1,28-4,47) tiveram associação para o uso durante. Conclusões: a caracterização de uma alta prevalência do uso de medicamentos por gestantes, aliado a uma tendência de falhas no planejamento familiar pôde demonstrar a exposição dos riscos da utilização de algumas substâncias nocivas em períodos próximos da concepção e na gestação.

Association between prepregnancy and newborn body mass index / Associação entre o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e o do recém-nascido

Abstract Objectives: to investigate the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and newborns' (NB) BMI. Methods: cohort study with 1,365 pregnant women and their newborns from the BRISA survey (Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís Birth Cohort Studies) in São Luís-MA. Prepregnancy BMI was self-reported, and newborns' BMI was estimated using the weight and length measured at birth. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) was developed to identify the adjustment variables. The association between the prepregnancy BMI and newborns' BMI were analyzed using multiple linear and Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. Results: NBs had 13.4±1.7kg/m2 average BMI at birth. In the linear analysis, we observed that as the prepregnancy BMI increases, the NBs BMI also increases (ß=0.07; CI95%=0.05-0.09;p<0.001). Newborns of mothers with prepregnancy overweight were 3.58 times more likely to be overweight. Conclusion: prepregnancy BMI can affect newborn's BMI early. Thus, women planning to become pregnant should consider conducting nutritional planning to maintain or obtain a healthy weight to minimize the risk of overweight for the newborn.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar a associação entre o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional e o IMC do recém-nascido (RN). Métodos: estudo de coorte, com 1365 gestantes e seus RN, participantes da pesquisa BRISA (Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís Birth Cohort Studies) em São Luís-MA. O IMC pré-gestacional foi autorreferido e o IMC do RN foi calculado por meio do peso e comprimento aferidos na ocasião do nascimento. Foi elaborado um Gráfico Acíclico Direcionado (DAG)para identificaras variáveis de ajuste. A associação entre o IMC pré-gestacional e IMC do RN foram analisados por regressão linear múltipla e regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância. Resultados: os RN tiveram IMC ao nascer médio de 13,4 ± 1,7 kg/m2. Na análise linear, foi observada que à medida que o IMC pré-gestacional aumenta, o IMC do RN também aumenta (ß= 0,07; IC95%= 0,05 - 0,09; p<0.001). RN de mães com excesso de peso pré-gestacional tiveram risco 3,58 vezes maior de terem excesso de peso. Conclusão: o IMC pré-gestacional pode afetar precocemente o IMC do RN. Dessa forma, recomenda-se que mulheres que planejem engravidar considerem realizar um planejamento nutricional para a manutenção ou obtenção de um peso saudável, a fim de minimizar o risco de excesso de peso para o RN.

Protocolos de asistencia para los períodos preconcepcional, prenatal, parto y puerperio de bajo riesgo perinatal / Assistance Protocols for the Preconception, Prenatal, Childbirth and Postpartum periods of Low Perinatal Risk

Los presentes protocolos tienen por objeto, establecer los criterios y pautas en el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud. SNIS, para vigilar y atender la salud en la preconcepción, embarazo, parto, puerperio y recién nacido de bajo riesgo con base a la Ley Nacer con Cariño para un Parto Respetado y un Cuidado Cariñoso y Sensible para el Recién Nacido, y promueven la efectividad y la seguridad de la atención; sistematizando practicas sanitarias que han demostrado ser seguras, eficaces y menos costosas. Los mismos deben ser aplicados en todos los niveles de atención, para lograr la reducción de la morbilidad y mortalidad materna perinatal

The purpose of these protocols is to establish the criteria and guidelines in the National Integrated Health System. SNIS, to monitor and care for health in pre-conception, pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium and low-risk newborns based on the Born with Affection Law for a Respectful Childbirth and Affectionate and Sensitive Care for the Newborn, and promote effectiveness and safety of care; systematizing sanitary practices that have proven to be safe, effective and less expensive. They must be applied at all levels of care, to achieve the reduction of perinatal maternal morbidity and mortality

Influencia del riesgo preconcepcional en la salud materna / Influence of preconceptional risk on maternal health

RESUMEN El riesgo preconcepcional está condicionado por una serie de factores, enfermedades o circunstancias únicas o asociadas que pueden repercutir desfavorablemente en el binomio madre / hijo durante la gestación, parto o puerperio. La prevención de la enfermedad y la muerte durante el proceso de reproducción, es uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo de la salud reproductiva. La morbilidad materna constituye uno de los aspectos más importantes para reflexionar. El objetivo de esta investigación es valorar la influencia del riesgo preconcepcional en la salud materna. Es indispensable, no solo en la atención de las gestantes, sino también para aquellas mujeres que desean ser madres en algún momento de su vida. Se ha adoptado un nuevo enfoque hacia el riesgo preconcepcional con acciones que contribuyan a mejorar la salud sexual y reproductiva en esta etapa en la vida de hombres y mujeres.

ABSTRACT Preconception risk is conditioned by a series of factors, diseases or unique or associated circumstances that can have an unfavorable impact on the mother - child binomial during pregnancy, delivery or puerperium. The prevention of disease and death during the reproductive process is one of the fundamental pillars for the development of reproductive health. Maternal morbidity is one of the most important aspects to reflect on. The objective of this research is to assess the influence of preconception risk on maternal health. It is essential, not only in the care of pregnant women, but also for those women who want to be mothers at some point in their life. A new approach has been adopted towards preconception risk with actions that contribute to improve sexual and reproductive health at this stage in the lives of men and women.

Preconception Care to Improve Pregnancy Outcomes: The Science

INTRODUCTION: In the last decades, improvements in the care of pregnancy and child development have been observed worldwide. However, pregnancy problems remain high in most countries. There was a concentration of care in the prenatal period as the primary approach for improving pregnancy results. Currently, attention to the care of pregnant women, women who have recently given birth, and newborns are focused on the care of preconception to improve the results of pregnancy and improve the outcomes of child growth and developmentOBJECTIVE: Describe the evidence for preconception care (PCC) and information to the health care provider, as well as describe instruments to present health care providers with PCC, its definition, its components, recommended interventions, and the scientific basis for recommendationsMETHODS: There was a search for published and unpublished literature related to scientific evidence for the effectiveness of PCC in improving pregnancy results. The search was carried out based on Pubmed and using data scraping techniques, in the material available on the internet and disseminated by international organizations, such as the World Health Organization and reports by government agenciesRESULTS: It is reported that the literature on the scientific basis for PCC is fragmented, and most publications discuss evidence of one or a few interventions, with the majority of reports considering PCC for specific populations, such as women with chronic health problems and couples with infertility. However, these publications do not offer a realistic view of the proposed PCC interventions, with the scientific evidence that supports them. The general aspects of the existing literature and the recommended preconceived care interventions are described, together with the quality of the scientific evidence and the strength of the recommendations behind each of these interventionsCONCLUSION: Many clinical interventions have been identified that could be offered to women before conception to help avoid adverse outcomes. Most of these interventions have scientific evidence to support their role in improving pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, it is recommended that clinical care providers incorporate evidence-based prejudice services in their daily care of women of reproductive age, in an effort to improve women's health before and during pregnancy, as well as improve pregnancy outcomes for women and their children

INTRODUÇÃO: As Nas últimas décadas, foram observadas melhorias no cuidado à gravidez e no desenvolvimento infantil em todo o mundo. No entanto, os problemas de gravidez continuam altos na maioria dos países. Houve uma concentração de cuidados no período pré-natal como a principal abordagem para melhorar os resultados da gravidez. Atualmente, a atenção aos cuidados de mulheres grávidas, mulheres que deram à luz recentemente e recém-nascidos está focada no cuidado de preconcepção para melhorar os resultados da gravidez e os resultados do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantilOBJETIVO: Descrever as evidências para os cuidado preconcepção (PCC) e informações para o profissional da saúde, bem como descrever instrumentos para apresentar aos profissionais de saúde o PCC, sua definição, seus componentes, intervenções recomendadas e a base científica para recomendaçõesMÉTODO: Houve uma pesquisa de literatura publicada relacionada a evidências científicas para a eficácia do PCC na melhoria dos resultados da gravidez. A pesquisa foi realizada com base no Pubmed e utilizando técnicas de raspagem de dados, no material disponível na internet e divulgado por organizações internacionais, como a Organização Mundial da Saúde e relatórios de órgãos governamentaisRESULTADOS: Relata-se que a literatura sobre a base científica do PCC é fragmentada e a maioria das publicações discute evidências de uma ou poucas intervenções, com a maioria dos relatórios considerando o PCC para populações específicas, como mulheres com problemas crônicos de saúde e casais com infertilidade. No entanto, essas publicações não oferecem uma visão realista das intervenções propostas do PCC, com as evidências científicas que as apoiam. Os aspectos gerais da literatura existente e as intervenções preconcebidas recomendadas são descritas, juntamente com a qualidade das evidências científicas e a força das recomendações por trás de cada uma dessas intervençõesCONCLUSÃO: Muitas intervenções clínicas foram identificadas que poderiam ser oferecidas às mulheres antes da concepção para ajudar a evitar resultados adversos. A maioria dessas intervenções possui evidências científicas para apoiar seu papel na melhoria dos resultados da gravidez. Portanto, recomenda-se que os prestadores de cuidados clínicos incorporem serviços de preconcepção baseados em evidências em seus cuidados diários a mulheres em idade reprodutiva, em um esforço para melhorar a saúde das mulheres antes e depois da gravidez. durante a gravidez, bem como melhorar os resultados da gravidez para mulheres e filhos

Preconception care: developing and implementing regional and national programs

INTRODUCTION: During the past few decades, health workers have come to agree that there is a very important place for preconception care (PCC) in improving maternal and infant pregnancy outcomes. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization issued recommendations encouraging countries to develop and implement preconception care programs. The reports include an in-depth discussion of the rationale and scientific evidence behind PCC as well as definitions, goals, components and recommended interventions to be included in PCC. These reports also offer very broad guidelines but do not offer details on how to develop and implement preconception care programsOBJECTIVE: The CDC and WHO reports identify the need for multi-sectoral engagement in developing and implementing preconception care programs and propose some activities and strategies to be considered in developing PCC programs. However, the recommendations fall short of specifying real steps that countries and regions should take in implementing PCC programs. In this publication we propose action steps for developing and implementing regional or national preconception care programsMETHODS: We reviewed the published and unpublished literature (using PubMed and the Internet) to identify reports that describe processes for developing and implementing PCC programs. We used information from the literature along with experiences we gained through our work and interaction with States and developing countries to prepare a detailed description of the steps involved in developing and implementing a PCC programRESULTS: We found very little in terms of "tools" for program managers and providers to use when developing and implementing PCC programs. We prepared a guide, including a summary of steps and a proposed timeline, for program directors to use for developing and implementing PCC programsCONCLUSION: Developing and implementing a sustainable PCC program should address issues related to educating the public, providers and policy makers about the benefits of PCC. It also includes establishing an infrastructure within the departments of health and ensuring resources to build, guide, monitor and evaluate the PCC program. Finally, implementation of a successful program depends heavily on the proper training of public health and clinical care providers in the delivery of the services included in the program

INTRODUÇÃO: Nas últimas décadas, os profissionais de saúde chegaram a um acordo sobre a importância dos cuidados preconcepção na melhoria dos resultados da gravidez materna e infantil. Os Centros dos Estados Unidos para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) e a Organização Mundial da Saúde emitiram recomendações incentivando os países a desenvolver e implementar programas de assistência preconcepção. Os relatórios incluem uma discussão aprofundada da lógica e das evidências científicas por trás do PCC, bem como definições, objetivos, componentes e intervenções recomendadas a serem incluídas no PCC. Esses relatórios também oferecem diretrizes muito amplas, mas não oferecem detalhes sobre como desenvolver e implementar programas de assistência preconcepçãoOBJETIVO: Os relatórios do CDC e da OMS identificam a necessidade de envolvimento multissetorial no desenvolvimento e implementação de programas de assistência pré-conceitual e propõem algumas atividades e estratégias a serem consideradas no desenvolvimento de programas do PCC. No entanto, as recomendações não especificam as medidas reais que os países e regiões devem adotar na implementação de programas de assistência preconcepção. Neste artigo, propomos etapas de ação para o desenvolvimento e implementação de programas regionais ou nacionais de assistência pré-conceitualMÉTODO: Foi revisada a literatura publicada usando o PubMed para identificar relatórios que descrevem processos para o desenvolvimento e implementação de programas de assistência preconcepção. As informações da literatura foram utilizadas, juntamente com as experiências adquiridas por meio de nosso trabalho e interação com os Estados e os países em desenvolvimento, para preparar uma descrição detalhada das etapas envolvidas no desenvolvimento e na implementação de um programa de assistência preconcepçãoRESULTADOS: Pouco foi encontrado em termos de "ferramentas" para os gerentes e provedores de programas usarem ao desenvolver e implementar programas de assistência preconcepção. Este artigo foi preparado como um guia, incluindo um resumo das etapas e um cronograma proposto, para os diretores de programas usarem no desenvolvimento e na implementação de programas de assistência preconcepçãoCONCLUSÃO: O desenvolvimento e implementação de um programa sustentável do PCC deve abordar questões relacionadas à educação do público, fornecedores e formuladores de políticas sobre os benefícios do PCC. Também inclui o estabelecimento de uma infraestrutura nos departamentos de saúde e a garantia de recursos para construir, orientar, monitorar e avaliar o programa PCC. Finalmente, a implementação de um programa bem-sucedido depende muito do treinamento adequado dos prestadores de serviços de saúde pública e atendimento clínico na prestação dos serviços incluídos no programa

Preconception care to improve pregnancy outcomes: clinical practice guidelines

INTRODUCTION: There is scientific evidence that the health of women before pregnancy contributes to the maternal and infant outcomes of pregnancy. There is also scientific evidence that the health of women of reproductive age may be improved through the provision of Preconception Care (PCC). Preconception care includes interventions to assess, identify, address, and modify a woman's health conditions and risks to ensure that these health conditions and risks do not negatively affect the outcome of her pregnancy. Many of the medical conditions, environmental exposures, personal behaviors, and psychosocial risks associated with negative pregnancy outcomes have been identified and there are recommendations for including these conditions in PCC servicesOBJECTIVE: Our purpose is to present a tool for clinical care providers involved in delivering PCC services. We try to answer the following questions: what do providers actually do when a woman of reproductive age arrives at their offices? What questions to ask? What examinations to conduct? What laboratory tests to perform? And, what education and counselling to offer?METHODS: We reviewed published and un-published literature related to the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of PCC in improving pregnancy outcomes. We searched PubMed for published articles, and we searched the internet for unpublished reports prepared by international organizations such as the World Health Organization and reports from governmental agencies. We summarized the information and presented a comprehensive overview of actions that providers should take to address various risk behaviors, exposures and health conditionsRESULTS: Several scientists, countries, and international organizations have proposed answers to the above questions. However, there has been no consistency and there is not a single publication that includes a comprehensive compilation of the proposed actions. We summarized the recommended actions that clinical care providers should take in addressing various health conditions, risk behaviors, and exposuresCONCLUSION: It is recommended that all providers screen all women for their intentions to become pregnant and to provide them with appropriate services. Women should be referred to specialized care when risk behaviors and medical conditions that go beyond the skills and abilities of the primary care provider are identified

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem evidências científicas de que a saúde das mulheres antes da gravidez contribui para os resultados maternos e infantis da gravidez. Há também evidências científicas de que a saúde das mulheres em idade reprodutiva pode ser melhorada através da prestação de cuidados preconcepção. Os cuidados preconcepção incluem intervenções para avaliar, identificar, abordar e modificar as condições e riscos de saúde de uma mulher para garantir que essas condições e riscos não afetem negativamente o resultado de sua gravidez. Muitas condições médicas, exposições ambientais, comportamentos pessoais e riscos psicossociais associados a resultados negativos da gravidez foram identificados e existem recomendações para a inclusão dessas condições nos serviços de assistência preconcepçãoOBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é servir como uma ferramenta para os prestadores de cuidados clínicos envolvidos na prestação de serviços de cuidados preconcepção. Tentamos responder às seguintes perguntas: o que os profissionais realmente fazem quando uma mulher em idade reprodutiva chega a seus escritórios? Que perguntas fazer? Quais exames realizar? Quais exames laboratoriais devem ser realizados? E que educação e aconselhamento oferecer?MÉTODO: Revisamos a literatura publicada e não publicada relacionada à evidência científica para a eficácia dos cuidados preconcepção na melhoria dos resultados da gravidez. Pesquisamos no PubMed por artigos publicados e pesquisamos na Internet relatórios não publicados preparados por organizações internacionais como a Organização Mundial da Saúde e relatórios de agências governamentais. Resumimos as informações e apresentamos uma visão abrangente das ações que os fornecedores devem adotar para abordar vários comportamentos de risco, exposições e condições de saúdeRESULTADOS: Vários cientistas, países e organizações internacionais propuseram respostas para as perguntas acima. No entanto, não houve consistência e não há uma única publicação que inclua uma compilação abrangente das ações propostas. Resumimos as ações recomendadas que os prestadores de cuidados clínicos devem adotar para lidar com várias condições de saúde, comportamentos de risco e exposiçõesCONCLUSÃO: Recomenda-se que todos os profissionais examinem todas as mulheres quanto à sua intenção de engravidar e forneçam-lhes os serviços adequados. As mulheres devem ser encaminhadas para atendimento especializado quando forem identificados comportamentos de risco e condições médicas que vão além das habilidades do prestador de cuidados primários

Protocolización de la atención preconcepcional en diabetes mellitus / Protocolization of preconceptional care in diabetes mellitus

La diabetes mellitus constituye una entidad con una elevada prevalencia que en los últimos años ha tenido una tendencia ascendente, principalmente en población económicamente activa, lo que implica que cada vez existirán más mujeres en edad fértil con esta enfermedad. Se recomienda que estas mujeres reciban un tipo de atención especializada como la atención preconcepcional, tres meses antes de la concepción como mínimo, para coadyuvar al logro de resultados gestacionales favorables. Es conveniente, entonces, que esta actividad clínica sea protocolizada para normalizar y facilitar la práctica profesional en este campo, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de este servicio asistencial. Este constituye el motivo fundamental de la implementación del protocolo de atención preconcepcional en diabetes, en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto de Endocrinología, que se presenta en este artículo(AU)

Diabetes mellitus is an entity with a high prevalence that in recent years has had an upward trend, mainly in the economically active population, implying that more and more women of childbearing potential with this disease will exist. It is recommended that these women receive a type of specialized care such as preconception care, at least three months before conception, to help achieve favorable gestational outcomes. It is then desirable that this clinical activity can be registered in order to standardize and facilitate professional practice in this field, in order to improve the quality of this care service. This is the fundamental reason for the implementation of the preconceptional care protocol in diabetes, at the Diabetic Patients Care Center of the Institute of Endocrinology, that is presented in this article(AU)

Factores de riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional en mujeres de edad fértil del área Este de Guantánamo, 2020 / Preconception reproductive risk factors in women of childbearing age in the East area of Guantanamo in 2020

Introducción: el riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional es la probabilidad que tiene una fémina no gestante de sufrir daño -ella o su producto-, si se involucra en el proceso reproductivo. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional en las mujeres en edad fértil del Consultorio Médico de la Familia No. 33, perteneciente al Policlínico Universitario ¨4 de Abril¨, área Este del municipio Guantánamo, en el periodo septiembre de 2019 a marzo de 2020. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con corte transversal, en mujeres en edad fértil (15 a 49 años), pertenecientes a 20 familias del consultorio antes mencionado. El universo estuvo constituido por las 65 mujeres en edad fértil de esas familias. Las variables estudiadas fueron los factores de riesgo socio-laboral-ambiental, riesgos según antecedentes obstétricos desfavorables y riesgos por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Resultados: predominaron las madres solteras, edad menor de 20 años y mayor de 30 años, que representaron el 50,8; 44, 6 y 32,3 %, respectivamente. Los antecedentes obstétricos que más se identificaron fueron el aborto (52,3 %) y la multiparidad (47,7 %). La hipertensión arterial fue la enfermedad crónica no transmisible más encontrada (56,9 %). Conclusiones: todas las mujeres presentan algún tipo de riesgo, lo que coloca a la madre y a su hijo en una situación de vulnerabilidad durante el embarazo

Introduction: preconception reproductive risk is the likelihood that a non-pregnant female will be harmed - herself or her gestation - if she becomes involved in the reproductive process. Objective: to identify the preconception reproductive risk factors in women of childbearing age in the Family Medical Office No. 33, belonging to the ¨4 de Abril¨ University Polyclinic, located in the eastern area of the municipality of Guantánamo, in the period time September 2019 to March 2020. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on women of childbearing age (15-49 years) from 20 families in the Family Medical Office mentioned before. The universe was made up of the 65 women of childbearing age in those families. The variables studied were social and environmental risk factors, risks according to unfavorable obstetric history and risks for chronic non-communicable diseases. Results: single mothers under 20 and over 30 years old predominated, which represented 50.8%, 44, 6% and 32.3 % respectively. The most common obstetric history identified was abortion (52.3%) and multiparity (47.7%). High blood pressure was the most common chronic non-communicable disease found (56.9%). Conclusions: all women present some kind of risk, aspect that places the mother and child in a vulnerable situation during pregnancy

Riesgo preconcepcional genético como herramienta de prevención en la Atención Materno Infantil / Preconception genetic risk as a prevention tool in mother and child care

Introducción: El primer programa de prevención para las enfermedades genéticas y defectos congénitos en Cuba se logra cuando el programa de Atención Materno Infantil alcanza el máximo de condiciones en 1981. Objetivo: Incrementar los conocimientos sobre el riesgo preconcepcional genético en el personal de enfermería Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de tipo intervención educativa en enfermería en el Policlínico Universitario José Martí Pérez sobre la identificación de los factores de riesgo preconcepcional genético, en Santiago de Cuba, en el segundo semestre del 2017. El universo estuvo constituido por la plantilla física de la institución (150 enfermeras), seleccionando una muestra por conveniencia de 34 enfermeras en el Grupo Básico de Trabajo # I (GBT); se procedió a la aplicación del instrumento de evaluación para identificar las necesidades de aprendizaje sobre los riesgos genéticos, diseñando y aplicando un Programa de Capacitación, evaluando antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Predominaron las enfermeras generales de más de 50 años con conocimientos inadecuados, antes de la intervención, sobre los elementos que influyen, el momento en que acontece el riesgo preconcepcional genético, así como, los conocimientos sobre el riesgo prenatal, en el recién nacido y en las enfermedades comunes. Conclusiones: Luego de aplicada la estrategia de intervención se lograron elevar los conocimientos sobre el riesgo preconcepcional genético en algunos miembros de la muestra, que incorporaron lo aprendido a las diferentes actividades y procesos asistenciales en la comunidad(AU)

Introduction: The first Cuban program for prevention of genetic diseases and defects was started when the mother and child care program achieved an optimal status in the year 1981. Objective: Broaden knowledge about preconception genetic risk among the nursing personnel. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted based on an educational intervention in nursing at José Martí Pérez University Polyclinic. The study aimed to identify preconception genetic risks in Santiago de Cuba during the second semester of 2017. The study universe was the physical payroll of the institution (150 nurses), of whom 34 from Basic Work Team (BWT) No. 1 were selected by convenience sampling. The evaluation tool was applied to identify learning gaps related to genetic risks. Next, a training program was designed and applied. Participants in the study were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results: A predominance was found of general nurses of over 50 years' experience with poor pre-intervention knowledge about the factors involved in preconception genetic risks and the moment when such risks occur, or about prenatal and newborn risks and common diseases. Conclusions: Upon application of the intervention strategy, knowledge about preconception genetic risk was broadened among some members of the sample, who incorporated the newly-acquired information into the various community care activities and processes(AU)

Jacinto Lang y la atención preconcepcional a la mujer con diabetes mellitus en Cuba / Jacinto Lang and preconception care for women with diabetes mellitus in Cuba

RESUMEN El doctor Jacinto Lang Prieto fue uno de los pioneros de la atención preconcepcional a la mujer con diabetes en Cuba, la cual inició a principios de la década de los años 90 del siglo pasado en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. Junto a su tutor, el Dr. Antonio Márquez Guillén, creó en esta institución una consulta con la finalidad de ofrecer este tipo de atención. Gracias a la labor de estos galenos comenzó, en 2007, la expansión de la atención preconcepcional a todo el país y en 2012, esta actividad estaba establecida a nivel nacional. En el presente, la atención preconcepcional forma parte de la atención al riesgo reproductivo de la mujer con diabetes, labor en la que deben desempeñar un papel preponderante los profesionales de la atención primaria de salud. Lograr la mejoría de este aspecto de la actividad nacional de diabetes y embarazo constituye uno de los retos actuales en este campo en Cuba(AU)

ABSTRACT Dr. Jacinto Lang Prieto was one of the pioneers of preconception care for women suffering from diabetes in Cuba, which began in the early 1990s at the Center for Diabetic Care of the National Institute of Endocrinology. Together with his tutor, Dr. Antonio Márquez Guillén, he created a consultation at this institution in order to offer this care. Thanks to the work of these doctors, in 2007, the expansion of preconceptional care throughout the country began and this activity was established nationwide in 2012. At present, preconception care is part of the risk management to the diabetes reproductive women. Primary health care professionals should play a leading role in providing this care. Improving preconceptional care for diabetes women as part of national strategy of is one of the current challenges in this field in Cuba(AU)

Increasing the chances of natural conception: opinion statement from the the brazilian federation of gynecology and obstetrics associations - FEBRASGO committee of gynecological endocrinology / Aumentando as chances de concepção natural: parecer da comissão nacional de ginecologia endócrina da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia

Abstract Considering that myths and misconceptions regarding natural procreation spread rapidly in the era of easy access to information and to social networks, adequate counseling about natural fertility and spontaneous conception should be encouraged in any kind of health assistance. Despite the fact that there is no strong-powered evidence about any of the aspects related to natural fertility, literature on how to increase the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy is available. In the present article, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO, in the Portuguese acronym) Committee on Endocrine Gynecology provides suggestions to optimize counseling for non-infertile people attempting spontaneous conception.

Resumo Uma vez que mitos e equívocos sobre a procriação natural se espalham rapidamente na era do fácil acesso à informação e às redes sociais, o aconselhamento adequado sobre a fertilidade natural e a concepção espontânea deve ser encorajado em qualquer tipo de assistência à saúde. Apesar do fato de não haver evidências fortes sobre qualquer dos aspectos relacionados à fertilidade natural, existe literatura sobre como aumentar as chances de uma gravidez espontânea. No presente artigo, a Comissão Nacional de Ginecologia Endócrina da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO) oferece sugestões para otimizar o aconselhamento a pessoas que tentam a concepção espontânea, na ausência do diagnóstico de infertilidade.

Development of Preconception Health Behavior Scale / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to develop a valid and reliable scale for the evaluation of preconception health behavior in women preparing for pregnancy. METHODS: The initial strategy included a literature review, interviews, and construction of a conceptual framework. The preliminary items were evaluated twice for content validity by experts, and modified two preliminary investigations. Participants in the 2 main investigations and the confirmation investigation were tested for reliability and validity of the preliminary scale in women preparing for pregnancy. The data were analyzed for different items exploratory and confirmatory factors. RESULTS: The 5-point Likert scale consisted of 6 factors and 27 items. The 6-factors included ‘hazardous substance factor,’ ‘medical management factor,’ ‘rest and sleep factor,’ ‘stress management factor,’ ‘information acquisition factor,’ and ‘resource preparation factor.’ Goodness of fit of the final research model was very appropriate and based on the following measures: Q=1.98, comparative fit index=.91, Tucker-lewis index=.89, standardized root mean square residual=.07, and root mean square error of approximation=.07. The criterion validity was .64. The reliability coefficient was .92 and the test-retest reliability was .61. CONCLUSION: The study findings indicate that the scale can be used for the development of nursing interventions to promote preconception health behavior in women preparing for pregnancy.

Preconception health behaviors among women with planned pregnancies / Preparación preconcepción entre mujeres con embarazo planificado / Preparo pré-concepcional entre mulheres com gravidez planejada

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify determinants of preconception preparation among women with planned pregnancies. Method: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 264 women between 18 and 49 years of age who had or were undergoing planned pregnancies, and were users of two School Health Centers in the city of São Paulo. Analysis was conducted through univariate and multiple logistic regression of three variable blocks: 1) social and demographic characteristics; 2) sexual and reproductive characteristics; 3) preexisting health conditions. Results: Women with higher education, belonging to economic groups A and B, and older women with infertility were more likely to perform preconception training. Conclusion: Preconception care has a strong social determination, as women with more favorable social profiles are more likely to perform it. Experience with infertility is also instrumental in the likelihood of preconception care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los determinantes de la realización de la preparación preconcepcional entre mujeres con embarazo planificado. Método: Estudio transversal con muestra probabilística de 264 mujeres de 18 a 49 años con embarazo planificado, usuarias de dos Centros de Salud Escuela de la ciudad de São Paulo. Análisis conducido por medio de regresión logística univariada y múltiple en tres bloques: 1) características sociales y demográficas; 2) características sexuales y reproductivas; 3) condiciones de salud preexistentes. Resultados: Las mujeres de más alta escolaridad, de los grupos económicos A y B, más viejas y con cuadro de infertilidad tuvieron mayor probabilidad de realizar la preparación preconcepcional. Conclusión: La realización de la preparación preconcepcional tiene fuerte determinación social, pues las mujeres con perfiles sociales más favorables presentan mayor probabilidad de realizarlo. La experiencia de infertilidad también fue determinante para su realización.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os determinantes da realização do preparo pré-concepcional entre mulheres com gravidez planejada. Método: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 264 mulheres de 18 a 49 anos de idade com gravidez atual ou anterior planejada, usuárias de dois Centros de Saúde Escola da cidade de São Paulo. Análise conduzida por meio de regressão logística univariada e múltipla em três blocos: 1) características sociais e demográficas; 2) características sexuais e reprodutivas; 3) condições de saúde preexistentes. Resultados: Mulheres de mais alta escolaridade, dos grupos econômicos A e B, mais velhas e com quadro de infertilidade tiveram maior chance de realizar o preparo pré-concepcional. Conclusão: A realização do preparo pré-concepcional tem forte determinação social, pois mulheres com perfis sociais mais favoráveis apresentam maior chance de realizá-lo. Experiência de infertilidade também foi determinante para sua realização.

Level of healthcare Providers' Preconception Care (PCC) practice and factors associated with non-implementation of PCC in Hawassa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Healthcare providers (HCPs) are at the forefront of screening and identifying preconception risk factors leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). In Ethiopia, there is no published study that assessed the status of the implementation of PCC. This is a study conducted with the aim of determining the level of HCP's PCC practice and factors associated with non-implementation of PCC. METHODS: This institution based cross-sectional study conducted among HCPs working in public health institutions (PHI) of Hawassa. The data was collected using a validated instrument called 'Andarg-Ethio PCC-KAPQuestionnaire'. A ltistage sampling was applied to draw a sample of 634 HCPs. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20. Descriptive statistics and binary as well as multiple logistic regression analysis models were used to determine the cruds and adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: Out of the total study participants, 84.7%(537) were found not totally practising PCC. Those HCPs who do not screen their clients' reproductive life plan (RPL) had 7 times higher odds of not practising PCC (AOR=7.2 95% C.I. 3.6- 14.5), whereas those HCPs with poor PCC knowledge had 4 times higher odds of not practising PCC (AOR= 4.4, 95% C.I. 2.5-7.6). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrated the absence of standardized and consistent PCC practice which indicates that PCC is not well introduced to the area. Developing of PCC policy and guidelines plus training of HCPs are recommended

Perfil epidemiológico, clínico y resultados perinatales en pacientes que acuden a clínica de atención preconcepcional en Hospital Nacional de la Mujer, en el periodo de julio de 2016 a julio de 2017 / Epidemiological, clinical and perinatal results profile in patients who attend at preconception care clinic in the National Women's Hospital, from July 2016 to July 2017

El abordaje de los problemas de salud perinatal debe basarse en la aplicación del enfoque de riesgo, la atención preconcepcional multidisciplinaria, es pilar fundamental para dicho fin. La atención perinatal determina que el embarazo, el parto, el puerperio y la atención del recién nacido sean atendidos en el nivel de complejidad que su grado de riesgo lo requiera. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en el que se detalla el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de la paciente de alto riesgo reproductivo. Se revisaron en base a objetivos 134 expedientes, de los cuales 79 cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Las variables en estudio fueron, edad de las pacientes, área geográfica de origen, nivel educativo, fórmula obstétrica, índice de masa corporal, hábitos de riesgo como tabaquismo, alcoholismo y uso de drogas, las patologías más frecuentes según grupo etario y centro de salud de referencia. Se incluyeron 79 expedientes de pacientes que son enviadas por primera vez a la clínica de atención preconcepcional y/o alto riesgo reproductivo en el periodo de julio 2016 a julio 2017, se dividieron en tres grupos etarios 10 a 19 años, de 20 a 34 años y mayores de 35 años, siendo el grupo de 20 a 34 años el más representativo con el 64.5%; el 50.6% de las pacientes provienen del área rural, el 57% no posee ningún grado educativo o solo posee primaria, el 43% nunca han estado embarazadas o nunca han tenido un embarazo viable, el 43% posee un grado de obesidad, el 35% posee al menos un hábito de riesgo, entre estos, uso de drogas, tabaquismo o etilismo; en cuanto al perfil clínico, basado en grupos etarios de riesgo, las adolescentes y mayores de 35 años por si mismo son factores causales; entre las morbilidades más frecuentes se ubican las pacientes con hipertensión arterial crónica, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, las glomerulopatías crónicas, el aborto habitual, y las colagenopatías

Gender-based Comparison of Knowledge on Preconception Care

BACKGROUND: There have been many voices highlighting the necessity of preconception care as a preventive approach to achieve better pregnancy outcomes for health promotion of mothers and babies. It is important to get preconception care for both men and women, as they play equally important roles for healthy pregnancy. Also, awareness and knowledge of men and women about their health are important factors for behavioral changes for preconception care. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of awareness about men and women's preconception care and knowledge of the determinants of healthy pregnancy by gender. Our second goal was to compare men and women's level of awareness and knowledge on it. METHODS: The participants were 500 males and females (aged over 19 years and under 49 years old) either living or working in Seoul city. The data collection period of the study was from July to December, 2017. An online survey was conducted using a panel of online vendors. Then the collected data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. RESULTS: Awareness about both men and women's preconception care was significantly higher in women than in men (p=0.004, p=0.002). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between men and women (p=0.00) in the total score of knowledge on the determinants of preconception care, including smoking, alcohol drinking, age, folic acid intake, and check-up for infectious disease (p=0.00; means women 8.20±1.95 and men 7.27±2.38). Significant gender differences were also found on some items, such as men's alcohol drinking, men's age, men's check-up for infectious disease, women's intake of folic acid, women's check-up for infectious disease. The level of knowledge on men's folic acid intake was the lowest in both men and women. CONCLUSION: Based on the results on the analysis of gender differences in the awareness and knowledge about preconception care, it is necessary to develop and implement preconception care programs based on the gender perspective approach to make women and men equally share responsibility of the birth result.